Ontario’s duelling pharmacare proposals should make victors of all Canadians.
The opposition New Democrats recently promised universal drug coverage for a list of essential medicines, if they are elected. Not to be outdone, the ruling Liberal party announced universal coverage for all drugs on the provincial formulary for youth under 25 years of age.
Most health policy experts praised both proposals, myself included.
Finally, policy-makers are beginning to understand that access to medicines should be a universal health benefit enjoyed by all and not a private benefit offered as a privilege by employers to employees.
However, some pundits criticized both proposals because they felt universality – prescription drug coverage for everyone, regardless of income – is unfair to those who are economically disadvantaged. “Why spend health-care money on free drugs for the sons and daughters of millionaires?” goes the argument.
The answer is simple: universality is more equitable and more efficient.
The main advantage of a universal drug program is that everyone becomes concerned about the efficiency and fairness of the program. Means testing creates stigmatization and tends to result in poor programs for poor people.
And while it might seem counterintuitive, universality is no free ride for the rich. If everyone has to pay, for example, a one per cent income tax for universal drug coverage, the millionaire will end up paying significantly more than a daycare worker earning $40,000 a year.
Many people don’t know that our current system, driven largely by private drug coverage, already offers significant tax subsidies to top income earners.
Private drug benefits in Canada aren’t counted as income and, thus, not taxable. The federal government pays about 13 per cent of the cost of private drug benefits in Canada through tax subsidies, to which provincial governments add about seven per cent.
The tax subsidies are regressive, based on your marginal income tax rate, which means the richer you are, the more you save. A family of four in Ontario that earns $40,000 a year with an employee drug plan worth $2,000 would receive $410 in tax subsidies for the plan based on their income. But the same family earning $400,000 a year would receive $1,070 in tax subsidies for the same drug plan.
Canadians spend around $10 billion on prescription drugs through private drug benefits every year – no small potatoes. While around 20 per cent of these plans are paid for by public tax subsidies, around 30 per cent of all spending on private drug plans is for the private coverage of public employees.
In other words, the way we spend public money on private drug coverage is unfair. It’s also inefficient.
Private health coverage does a very poor job of containing costs. Express Script Canada estimates that more than $5 billion a year is wasted because private drug plans pay for unnecessarily expensive drugs and dispensing fees. By reimbursing drugs only when they represent value for money, public plans are much better equipped to rein in such costs.
The administration costs of for-profit private plans are also enormous – around 15 per cent, while administration costs for public plans are less than two per cent.
So replacing private plans with a universal public drug plan would not only reduce wasteful spending, it would save Canadians a whopping $1.3 billion a year in administrative costs.
Then there’s the spending power.
Drug companies often inflate the price of their drugs and provide confidential rebates based on the bargaining power of each purchaser. The bigger the buyer, the bigger the bargaining power. Public drug plans in Canada, grouped under the Pan-Canadian Pharmaceutical Alliance, are doing a much better job bargaining for lower drug prices than fragmented private plans. Universality increases bargaining power.
But does money spent by private drug plans at least mean savings for the public budget?
Unfortunately, no.
I like to remind my students that in the U.S., where health-care coverage depends mostly on private health plans, the public health-care spending per capita is actually higher than in Canada – and yet many Americans still don’t have access to the essential health-care services they need.
So when you add it all up, Ontario’s move to pharmacare for kids is a step in the right direction and the rest of Canada should follow.
It’s time we give free medicines to rich kids – and to everyone else, too.
Marc-André Gagnon is a political economist with Carleton University’s School of Public Policy and Administration.
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